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destroying angel
The name destroying angel applies to several similar, closely related species of deadly all-white mushrooms in the genus ''Amanita''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Gene family encoding the major toxins of lethal Amanita mushrooms )〕 They are ''Amanita bisporigera'' and ''A. ocreata'' in eastern and western North America, and ''A. virosa'' in Europe.〔 Another very similar species, ''A. verna'' or fool's mushroom was first described in France.
Closely related to the death cap (''A. phalloides'') they are among the most toxic known mushrooms, containing amatoxins as death caps do.〔
== Description ==
Destroying angels are characterized by having a white stalk and gills. The cap can be pure white, or white at the edge and yellowish, pinkish, or tan at the center. It has a partial veil, or ring (annulus) circling the upper stalk, and the gills are "free," not attached to the stalk. Perhaps the most telltale of the features is the presence of a volva, or universal veil, so called because it is a membrane that encapsulates the entire mushroom, rather like an egg, when it is very young. This structure breaks as the young mushroom expands, leaving parts that can be found at the base of the stalk as a boot or cuplike structure, and there may be patches of removable material on the cap surface. This combination of features, all found together in the same mushroom, is the hallmark of the family. While other families may have any one or two of these features, none has them all. The cap is usually about 5–12 cm across; the stipe is usually 7½–20 cm long and about ½–2 cm thick. They are found singly or in small groups.
Destroying angels can be mistaken for edible fungi such as the button mushroom, meadow mushroom, or the horse mushroom. Young destroying angels that are still enclosed in their universal veil can be mistaken for puffballs, but slicing them in half longitudinally will reveal internal mushroom structures. This is the basis for the common recommendation to slice in half all puffball-like mushrooms picked when mushroom hunting. Mushroom hunters recommend that people know how to recognize both the death cap and the destroying angel in all of their forms before collecting any white gilled mushroom for consumption.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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